OUR ADVOCACY WORK. NOTRE TRAVAIL DE PLAIDOYER. MOSALA NA BISO YA TOLI. KAZI YETU YA UTETEZI.

Sexual Violence in Conflict Perpetrated Against Men, by Isolde Hatgis-Kessell 

(High School summer intern)

On 42nd Street and 1st Avenue sits a tall, steel, heavily protected building. The decisions, leaders, and day to day work that occurs inside reveals the importance and power of the organization to which it is home. The United Nations, since its inception, has represented the fight for human rights, peace, and fairness. Throughout the building are pictures, drawings, and sculptures representing every race and ethnicity, values, and goals for the world. The massive halls, high ceilings, and intense security reveals the stature and power of the organization creating a daunting and intimidating setting. Simply knowing the potential that the U.N. has for change gives any experience inside the building a sense of importance. I have only visited the United Nations building as an observer of a conference, but I can only imagine and hope to one day revisit it as an action for change. To speak at the United Nations in front of delegates from across the globe is to speak as if whatever you say can influence the next global policy, it is to bring greater awareness to people around the world, and most importantly it is to advocate at the highest level in that hope that change will occur. 

Prior to attending the U.N. conference marking the 10th anniversary of the mandate on sexual violence in conflict, I was almost entirely unaware that men and boys were also victims and survivors of sexual violence in conflict. The stereotype of men as perpetrators and women as victims in the context of sexual violence was ingrained in my mind. The story of one man, however, completely changed my preconceived notions of sexual violence in conflict. Out of a predominantly female-focused panel, there was one male survivor who shared his story - his name was Mr. Aimé Moninga. While listening to Mr. Moninga speak to a crowd of hundreds of people, his strength and genuine desire to be part of a change that will help millions across the globe was apparent. Through speaking to him personally at the end of the conference, I realized that this man, who had experienced the worst of humanity, had rebuilt his life and taken his experiences and to help other male survivors and their families. While Mr. Moninga was able to access support and then moved from being a victim to a survivor to a gobally recognized advocate, his personal journey is not yet shared by hundreds of male victims of conflict-related sexual violence. Today, the vast majority of male survivors still struggle to reach emergency medical assistance and psychosocial support services, and have no hope of receiving justice within environments that do not have the power or will or resources to enforce U.N resolutions.

There are a multitude of reasons why victims of sexual violence, regardless of gender, do not come forward; fear, shame, denial, etc. It is widely agreed upon that women are targeted for sexual violence as a mechanism to exert power and establish an unequal and submissive dynamic within society. One male victim of conflict-related sexual violence said the goal of his male and female armed perpetrators was to emasculate their male victims “to the extent you feel you no longer want to be head of the family." When men become the target of sexual violence, it is a direct attack on their identity; male victims no longer feel like men in their own eyes or those of their families and communities. 

Traditional concepts of masculinity that prevail in many localities around the world are exacerbated by religious and cultural beliefs that men are superior to women. Thus, when men become victims of sexual violence they feel inferior to their other male peers. Responding appropriately to conflict-related sexual violence against men is further complicated by the widely held perception of gay people, particularly in Middle Eastern and African regions. Due to strict religious interpretations, homosexuality is considered one of the greatest sins, and, in many areas within these regions this extends to sodomy also being considered a crime. When the act of sexual violence perpetrated against men is equated with culturally determined notions of homosexuality, male victims fear coming forward for emergency medical assistance and to report what was done to them. Interestingly, the male perpetrators of these crimes are rarely discussed in terms of perpetrating acts of homosexuality.  

There are many ways to look at methods that seek to prevent sexual violence in areas plagued with conflict. However, given the context of war-ridden countries such as the DRC, Guinea, and Syria, I believe the most effective way to approach prevention must begin with acknowledging and understanding that sexual violence in conflict is used as a tactic and weapon of war and terrorism. If we look at sexual violence in the context of warfare, the most obvious and effective place to begin, is with a country’s military. It is important to focus on soldiers as well as those in higher positions who lead, plan and facilitate the violence. The United Nations method to prevent sexual violence in conflict related areas is grounded in “amplifying advocacy, improving coordination and accountability, and supporting country efforts to prevent conflict-related sexual violence and respond effectively to the needs of survivors." The U.N. does not yet provide any direct action to help prevent sexual violence in conflict, rather it simply blindly trusts efforts made by different countries and seems to disregard whether they are effective or not. The evidence of the U.N.’s inaction lies in the numbers: “Over 70% of listed state and non-state parties are persistent perpetrators and have appeared in the annex of the Secretary General’s annual report for more than five years. Only one party has so far been delisted.” When the U.N. does not hold its own member countries accountable for their crimes, perpetrators are able to continue to employ an illegal and inhumane tactic without fear of punishment. Research has repeatedly concluded that “the most important predictor of sexual violence in all cases is that the victim is in an environment where the perpetrator can commit violence or abuse with a high degree of impunity.” Given the broken judicial infrastructure in conflict ridden regions, it is the role of the United Nations to ensure perpetrators, especially militaries and governments, do not go unpunished.

In order for real, large-scale change to occur, the use of sexual violence by governments and militaries needs to be considered a human rights violation, in the same way that chemical and biological weapons are considered when used. Both are methods of controlling and exerting power over a group of people, namely by instilling fear in civilians to prevent uprisings and force compliance, but only the latter is treated as a gross violation of the Geneva Convention. The lack of meaningful intervention measures and punishment of offenders being enforced by the U.N. for conflict-related sexual violence, has forced considerably smaller and underfunded organizations to step up and make a change. One of the most laudable organizations is the Men of Hope Refugee Association Uganda (MOHRAU); an extension of the Refugee Law Project based in Kampala. The Men of Hope hold training sessions and workshops for both police and military peacekeeping platoons in which they train soldiers to recognize male victims, ask the right questions to ensure cases are correctly documented, and provide appropriate referral to the most effective counselling and humanitarian aid for male survivors and their families. The act of directly hosting these workshops has a multitude of benefits, including the ability to control the information being shared rather than simply relying on another party to do so accurately and hearing feedback from the source. As one of the female soldiers commented on the awareness level among her colleagues prior to the training workshop, “Most (members) did not know that even men in combat or even men in civilian can be raped.” Sexual violence in conflict was, for an extended period of time, almost a “secret” tactic of war. While this idea has notably changed concerning women, it remains true regarding men. Until the crimes are reported and appropriately documented, it remains unknown exactly how many male victims of conflict-related sexual violence exist.

Working with the military, specifically in conflict-ridden areas, is a key part in preventing sexual violence, however, it also poses a certain difficulty. In war-torn areas, the military holds one of the most important roles. Often in these regions, soldiers become some of the most powerful people in the country, with access to resources unavailable to the masses and with a high degree of impunity thus allowing them to become perpetrators. In these very common situations in which soldiers are committing sexual crimes, another method must be introduced. The United Nations must hold the leaders who implicitly or explicitly condone this type of warfare accountable. Imposing sanctions, threatening expulsion from the organization, and sending in peacekeepers who are received training and will themselves be held accountable should they themselves commit acts of sexual violence. Without the threat of serious consequences, corrupt governments and dangerous leaders will continue to employ the barbaric tactic. Organizations, such as Men Of Hope, simply do not have the power on their own to hold nations accountable. 

One approach when training soldiers is to focus on military groups in countries that neighbor highly vulnerable and conflict-ridden areas. Oftentimes people living in regions plagued by war or extreme violence flee to neighboring areas, thus, it is important for the soldiers in those areas to be able to recognize and help male victims. For example, the majority of Men Of Hope’s work is rooted in Kampala, Uganda which has an extremely important border with the Democratic Republic of Congo where sexual violence is extremely common. As of 2018, Uganda hosted 1.1 million refugees predominantly coming from South Sudan and the DRC. Accessibility to refugees and close proximity to countries with extremely high rates of sexual violence enables the organization to maximize the effectiveness of their work. There remains, however, a downside to the location of Men of Hope that they have recognized and aim to fix. Countries that are in close proximity to war-torn areas are at risk of falling to conflict themselves. Thus, it is imperative that workshops are held within these regions that discuss the gravity and severity of committing crimes of sexual violence, teach soldiers how to treat and protect victims, and teach soldiers how to recongnize whether their colleagues become perpetrators. 

The roots of the United Nations work to prevent sexual violence should be those of education and accountability. The lack of knowledge about sexual violence against men and boys around the global can no longer be tolerated specifically in countries where males are at a high risk and also where there are few laws to protect male victims. Sexual violence must be studied, regarded, and treated as an unacceptable tactic of war by military personnel at all levels, governments, and high-level organisations. Furthermore, countries that condone the tactic must be held accountable by the U.N. through sanctions and other serious consequences. The task of aiding male survivors and preventing Conflict-Related Sexual Violence (CRSV) can no longer rest solely on the backs of underfunded organizations, it must become the responsibility of the entire international community.

As an 18 year-old girl, sexual violence towards females around the world has always has always felt like a personal issue. However, as women who have faced thousands of problems rooted in gender, it is our obligation to ensure that gender-based oppression does not also occur to male victims and survivors around the world. Regardless of gender, conflict-related sexual violence is one the most torturous and painful experiences any human could endure. It is no longer acceptable for it to be the obligation of one man, to represent all male victims at conference about conflict-related sexual violence.  If the goal remains to eliminate CRSV against females with no or at best minimal consideration of male victims, sexual violence will continue to plague our world. 

La violence sexuelle dans les conflits perpétrés contre les hommes, par Isolde Hatgis-Kessell
(Stagiaire d'été au lycée)

Sur la 42e rue et la 1re avenue se trouve un grand bâtiment en acier fortement protégé. Les décisions, les dirigeants et le travail quotidien qui s’y déroulent révèlent l’importance et le pouvoir de l’organisation qui l’héberge. Les Nations Unies, depuis sa création, représentent la lutte pour les droits de l'homme, la paix et l'équité. Tout au long du bâtiment se trouvent des images, des dessins et des sculptures représentant chaque race et ethnie, valeurs et objectifs pour le monde. Les halls massifs, les hauts plafonds et la sécurité intense révèlent la stature et la puissance de l'organisation, créant un cadre intimidant et intimidant. Le simple fait de connaître le potentiel de changement de l’ONU donne à toute expérience à l’intérieur du bâtiment un sentiment d’importance. Je n'ai visité le bâtiment des Nations Unies qu'en tant qu'observateur d'une conférence, mais je ne peux qu'imaginer et espérer y revenir un jour dans le cadre d'une action en faveur du changement. Prendre la parole aux Nations Unies devant des délégués du monde entier, c'est parler comme si tout ce que vous dites pouvait influencer la prochaine politique mondiale, c'est sensibiliser davantage les gens du monde entier et, plus important encore, c'est plaider au niveau mondial. au plus haut niveau dans l'espoir qu'un changement se produise.

Avant d’assister à la conférence des Nations Unies marquant le 10e anniversaire du mandat sur la violence sexuelle dans les conflits, j’ignorais presque totalement que les hommes et les garçons étaient également victimes et survivants de violences sexuelles dans les conflits. Le stéréotype selon lequel les hommes sont les auteurs et les femmes les victimes dans le contexte de la violence sexuelle était ancré dans mon esprit. L’histoire d’un homme a cependant complètement changé mes idées préconçues sur la violence sexuelle en période de conflit. Parmi un panel composé majoritairement de femmes, un survivant de sexe masculin a partagé son histoire – il s'appelait M. Aimé Moninga. En écoutant M. Moninga s’adresser à une foule de centaines de personnes, sa force et son véritable désir de faire partie d’un changement qui aidera des millions de personnes à travers le monde sont apparus. En lui parlant personnellement à la fin de la conférence, j'ai réalisé que cet homme, qui avait vécu le pire de l'humanité, avait reconstruit sa vie et mis à profit ses expériences pour aider d'autres survivants masculins et leurs familles. Même si M. Moninga a pu accéder à du soutien, puis est passé du statut de victime à celui de survivant à celui d'avocat mondialement reconnu, son parcours personnel n'est pas encore partagé par des centaines d'hommes victimes de violences sexuelles liées aux conflits. Aujourd’hui, la grande majorité des hommes survivants ont encore du mal à accéder à une assistance médicale d’urgence et à des services de soutien psychosocial, et n’ont aucun espoir d’obtenir justice dans des environnements qui n’ont pas le pouvoir, la volonté ou les ressources nécessaires pour faire appliquer les résolutions de l’ONU.

Il existe une multitude de raisons pour lesquelles les victimes de violences sexuelles, quel que soit leur sexe, ne se manifestent pas ; peur, honte, déni, etc. Il est largement admis que les femmes sont la cible de violences sexuelles en tant que mécanisme permettant d'exercer un pouvoir et d'établir une dynamique inégale et soumise au sein de la société. Un homme victime de violences sexuelles liées au conflit a déclaré que l'objectif de ses agresseurs armés, hommes et femmes, était d'émasculer leurs victimes masculines « au point qu'on ait l'impression de ne plus vouloir être chef de famille ». Quand les hommes deviennent la cible de violences sexuelles la violence, c'est une atteinte directe à leur identité ; les victimes masculines ne se sentent plus comme des hommes à leurs propres yeux ni à ceux de leur famille et de leur communauté.

Les concepts traditionnels de masculinité qui prédominent dans de nombreuses localités du monde sont exacerbés par les croyances religieuses et culturelles selon lesquelles les hommes sont supérieurs aux femmes. Ainsi, lorsque les hommes sont victimes de violences sexuelles, ils se sentent inférieurs à leurs autres pairs masculins. Répondre de manière appropriée aux violences sexuelles contre les hommes liées aux conflits est encore compliqué par la perception largement répandue des homosexuels, en particulier dans les régions du Moyen-Orient et d’Afrique. En raison d'interprétations religieuses strictes, l'homosexualité est considérée comme l'un des plus grands péchés et, dans de nombreuses régions de ces régions, la sodomie est également considérée comme un crime. Lorsque l’acte de violence sexuelle perpétré contre des hommes est assimilé à des notions d’homosexualité culturellement déterminées, les victimes masculines ont peur de se manifester pour obtenir une assistance médicale d’urgence et de signaler ce qui leur a été fait. Il est intéressant de noter que les auteurs masculins de ces crimes sont rarement évoqués en termes d’actes d’homosexualité.

Il existe de nombreuses façons d’envisager les méthodes visant à prévenir la violence sexuelle dans les zones en proie à des conflits. Cependant, étant donné le contexte de pays en guerre comme la RDC, la Guinée et la Syrie, je pense que la manière la plus efficace d'aborder la prévention doit commencer par reconnaître et comprendre que la violence sexuelle dans les conflits est utilisée comme tactique et arme de guerre et terrorisme. Si nous examinons la violence sexuelle dans le contexte d’une guerre, le point de départ le plus évident et le plus efficace est l’armée d’un pays. Il est important de se concentrer sur les soldats ainsi que sur ceux occupant des postes élevés qui dirigent, planifient et facilitent la violence. La méthode des Nations Unies pour prévenir la violence sexuelle dans les zones liées aux conflits repose sur « l’amplification du plaidoyer, l’amélioration de la coordination et de la responsabilité, et le soutien aux efforts des pays pour prévenir la violence sexuelle liée aux conflits et répondre efficacement aux besoins des survivants ». ne prévoit aucune action directe pour aider à prévenir la violence sexuelle dans les conflits, au lieu de cela, elle fait simplement aveuglément confiance aux efforts déployés par différents pays et semble ignorer leur efficacité ou non. La preuve de l'inaction de l'ONU réside dans les chiffres : « Plus de 70 % des partis étatiques et non étatiques inscrits sur la liste sont des auteurs persistants et figurent dans l'annexe du rapport annuel du secrétaire général depuis plus de cinq ans. Un seul parti a jusqu'à présent été radié.» Lorsque l’ONU ne tient pas ses propres pays membres pour responsables de leurs crimes, les auteurs peuvent continuer à employer des tactiques illégales et inhumaines sans craindre d’être punis. Les recherches ont conclu à plusieurs reprises que « le prédicteur le plus important de violence sexuelle dans tous les cas est que la victime se trouve dans un environnement dans lequel l’auteur peut commettre des violences ou des abus dans un degré élevé d’impunité. Compte tenu de l’infrastructure judiciaire défaillante dans les régions en proie à des conflits, il est du rôle des Nations Unies de garantir que les auteurs de ces actes, en particulier les militaires et les gouvernements, ne restent pas impunis.

Pour qu’un changement réel et à grande échelle se produise, le recours à la violence sexuelle par les gouvernements et les militaires doit être considéré comme une violation des droits humains, de la même manière que l’utilisation d’armes chimiques et biologiques est considérée. Les deux sont des méthodes de contrôle et d’exercice du pouvoir sur un groupe de personnes, notamment en semant la peur chez les civils pour empêcher les soulèvements et les contraindre à se conformer, mais seule cette dernière est considérée comme une violation flagrante de la Convention de Genève. L’absence de mesures d’intervention significatives et de sanctions imposées par l’ONU pour les violences sexuelles liées aux conflits a contraint des organisations considérablement plus petites et sous-financées à intensifier leurs efforts et à opérer un changement. L’une des organisations les plus louables est l’Association ougandaise des réfugiés Men of Hope (MOHRAU) ; une extension du Refugee Law Project basé à Kampala. Les Hommes d'Espoir organisent des séances de formation et des ateliers pour les pelotons de police et militaires de maintien de la paix au cours desquels ils apprennent aux soldats à reconnaître les victimes masculines, à poser les bonnes questions pour garantir que les cas sont correctement documentés et à fournir une orientation appropriée vers les services de conseil et d'aide humanitaire les plus efficaces. survivants masculins et leurs familles. Le fait d'héberger directement ces ateliers présente une multitude d'avantages, notamment la possibilité de contrôler les informations partagées plutôt que de simplement compter sur une autre partie pour le faire avec précision et entendre les commentaires de la source. Comme l’a commenté l’une des femmes soldats à propos du niveau de sensibilisation de ses collègues avant l’atelier de formation : « La plupart (des membres) ne savaient pas que même les hommes au combat ou même les hommes en civil peuvent être violés. » La violence sexuelle dans les conflits a été, pendant une longue période, une tactique de guerre presque « secrète ». Si cette idée a sensiblement changé concernant les femmes, elle reste vraie concernant les hommes. Jusqu’à ce que les crimes soient signalés et correctement documentés, on ne sait pas exactement combien d’hommes sont victimes de violences sexuelles liées aux conflits.

Travailler avec l'armée, en particulier dans les zones de conflit, est un élément clé de la prévention des violences sexuelles, mais cela pose également une certaine difficulté. Dans les zones déchirées par la guerre, l’armée joue un rôle des plus importants. Souvent, dans ces régions, les soldats deviennent parmi les personnes les plus puissantes du pays, ayant accès à des ressources inaccessibles aux masses et bénéficiant d’un degré élevé d’impunité, leur permettant ainsi de devenir des auteurs de crimes. Dans ces situations très courantes où les militaires commettent des crimes sexuels, une autre méthode doit être introduite. Les Nations Unies doivent demander des comptes aux dirigeants qui cautionnent implicitement ou explicitement ce type de guerre. Imposer des sanctions, menacer d'être expulsé de l'organisation et envoyer des soldats de la paix qui reçoivent une formation et seront eux-mêmes tenus responsables s'ils commettent eux-mêmes des actes de violence sexuelle. Sans menace de conséquences graves, les gouvernements corrompus et les dirigeants dangereux continueront à recourir à des tactiques barbares. Les organisations telles que Men Of Hope n’ont tout simplement pas le pouvoir, à elles seules, de demander des comptes aux nations.

Une approche lors de la formation des soldats consiste à se concentrer sur les groupes militaires dans les pays voisins de zones très vulnérables et en proie à des conflits. Souvent, les personnes vivant dans des régions en proie à la guerre ou à une violence extrême fuient vers les régions voisines. Il est donc important que les soldats présents dans ces régions soient capables de reconnaître et d'aider les victimes masculines. Par exemple, la majorité du travail de Men Of Hope est ancrée à Kampala, en Ouganda, qui a une frontière extrêmement importante avec la République démocratique du Congo où la violence sexuelle est extrêmement courante. En 2018, l'Ouganda accueillait 1,1 million de réfugiés provenant principalement du Soudan du Sud et de la RDC. L'accessibilité aux réfugiés et la proximité de pays où les taux de violence sexuelle sont extrêmement élevés permettent à l'organisation de maximiser l'efficacité de son travail. Il reste cependant un inconvénient à l’emplacement des Hommes d’Espoir qu’ils ont reconnu et qu’ils visent à résoudre. Les pays situés à proximité de zones déchirées par la guerre risquent eux-mêmes de sombrer dans un conflit. Il est donc impératif d’organiser dans ces régions des ateliers pour discuter de la gravité des crimes de violence sexuelle, enseigner aux soldats comment traiter et protéger les victimes, et apprendre aux soldats comment reconnaître si leurs collègues deviennent des auteurs.

Les racines du travail des Nations Unies pour prévenir la violence sexuelle devraient être celles de l’éducation et de la responsabilisation. Le manque de connaissances sur la violence sexuelle contre les hommes et les garçons dans le monde ne peut plus être toléré, en particulier dans les pays où les hommes courent un risque élevé et où il existe peu de lois pour protéger les victimes masculines. La violence sexuelle doit être étudiée, considérée et traitée comme une tactique de guerre inacceptable par le personnel militaire à tous les niveaux, les gouvernements et les organisations de haut niveau. En outre, les pays qui tolèrent cette tactique doivent être tenus responsables par l’ONU au moyen de sanctions et d’autres conséquences graves. La tâche consistant à aider les survivants masculins et à prévenir la violence sexuelle liée aux conflits (VRCS) ne peut plus reposer uniquement sur le dos d’organisations sous-financées, elle doit devenir la responsabilité de l’ensemble de la communauté internationale.

En tant que jeune fille de 18 ans, la violence sexuelle envers les femmes dans le monde a toujours été considérée comme un problème personnel. Cependant, en tant que femmes ayant été confrontées à des milliers de problèmes liés au genre, il est de notre devoir de veiller à ce que l’oppression sexiste ne touche pas également les hommes victimes et survivants du monde entier. Quel que soit le sexe, la violence sexuelle liée aux conflits est l’une des expériences les plus tortueuses et douloureuses qu’un être humain puisse endurer. Il n’est plus acceptable que ce soit l’obligation d’un seul homme de représenter toutes les victimes masculines lors d’une conférence sur les violences sexuelles liées aux conflits. Si l’objectif reste d’éliminer les violences sexuelles à l’égard des femmes sans aucune considération, ou au mieux, avec une considération minime, des victimes masculines, la violence sexuelle continuera de tourmenter notre monde.

Mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto na matata oyo esalemi na mibali, ya Isolde Hatgis-Kessell
(Stage ya été ya Eteyelo ya Likolo)

Na balabala 42 mpe na avenue 1 efandi ndako moko molai, ya bibende, oyo ebatelami mingi. Mikano, bakambi, mpe mosala ya mokolo na mokolo oyo esalemaka na kati emonisaka ntina mpe nguya ya ebongiseli oyo ezali ndako. Nations Unies, banda ebandeli na yango, ezali momonisi ya etumba mpo na ntomo ya bato, kimya mpe bosembo. Na ndako mobimba ezali na bililingi, mayemi, mpe mayemi oyo ezali komonisa mposo mpe ekolo nyonso, motuya, mpe mikano mpo na mokili. Ba salles minene, plafonds milayi, mpe bokengi makasi emonisaka molai mpe nguya ya ebongiseli oyo ezali kosala esika ya kobangisa mpe ya kobangisa. Koyeba kaka makoki oyo O.N.U. ezali na yango mpo na mbongwana epesaka likambo nyonso oyo esalemi na kati ya ndako yango liyoki ya ntina. Nakendeki kaka kotala ndako ya Nations Unies lokola motali ya likita moko, kasi nakoki kaka kokanisa mpe kolikya ete mokolo mosusu nakozongela yango lokola mosala mpo na mbongwana. Koloba na Nations Unies liboso ya ba délégués ya mokili mobimba ezali koloba lokola soki nionso oyo olobi ekoki ko influencer politique mondiale oyo ekolanda, ezali ko mema conscience mingi na batu na mokili mobimba, mpe surtout ezali ko défendre na... niveau ya likolo na espoir wana que changement ekosalema.

Yambo ya kokende na likita ya O.N. Likanisi ya lokuta ya mibali lokola bato oyo basalaka makambo mpe basi lokola bato oyo bazwaki mpasi na likambo ya mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto ekɔtaki na makanisi na ngai. Nzokande, lisolo ya mobali moko ebongolaki mpenza makanisi na ngai ya liboso ya mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto na matata. Na kati ya panel oyo ezalaki mingi mingi na basi, ezalaki na mobali moko oyo abikaki oyo akabolaki lisolo na ye - kombo na ye ezalaki M. Aimé Moninga. Ntango azalaki koyoka M. Moninga koloba na ebele ya bankama ya bato, makasi na ye mpe mposa ya solo ya kozala eteni ya mbongwana oyo ekosalisa bamilio ya bato na mokili mobimba emonanaki. Na nzela ya koloba na ye moko na nsuka ya likita linene, nasosolaki ete mobali oyo, oyo akutanaki na makambo ya mabe koleka ya bomoto, atongaki lisusu bomoi na ye mpe azwaki mayele na ye mpe mpo na kosalisa babiki mibali mosusu mpe mabota na bango. Atako M. Moninga azalaki na makoki ya kozwa lisungi mpe nsima alongwaki na kozala victime kino na mobiki kino na mobundi oyo ayebani na gobally, mobembo na ye moko ekabolami naino te na bankama ya mibali oyo bazwaki mpasi na mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto oyo euti na matata. Lelo oyo, mingi mpenza ya mibali oyo babiki bazali naino kobunda mpo na kozwa lisalisi ya monganga ya nokinoki mpe misala ya lisungi ya psychosocial, mpe bazali na elikya te ya kozwa bosembo na kati ya bisika oyo ezali na nguya to bolingi to makoki te mpo na kosala ete mikano ya O.N.U.

Ezali na bantina mingi oyo esalaka ete bato oyo basali bango mobulu na kosangisa nzoto, ata soki bazali mibali to basi, babimaka te; bobangi, soni, koboya, etc. Bato mingi bandimaka ete basi bazwami na mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto lokola mwango ya kosalela nguya mpe kosala dynamique oyo ekokani te mpe ya botosi na kati ya lisanga. Mobali moko oyo azwaki mobulu na kosangisa nzoto mpo na matata alobaki ete mokano ya bato na ye ya mibali mpe ya basi oyo bazalaki na minduki ezalaki ya kolongola basi na bango ya mibali oyo bazwaki mpasi ‘na meko oyo omoni ete olingi lisusu kozala mokonzi ya libota te.’ Ntango mibali bakomi cible ya kosangisa nzoto mobulu, ezali kobundisa mbala moko bomoto na bango, mibali oyo bazwi mpasi bamiyokaka lisusu te lokola mibali na miso na bango moko to ya mabota mpe ya ba communautés na bango.

Makanisi ya bonkoko ya bobali oyo ezali mingi na bisika mingi na mokili mobimba ezali kokóma makasi mpo na bindimeli ya losambo mpe ya mimeseno oyo elobaka ete mibali baleki basi. Na yango, ntango mibali bakomi mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto bamiyokaka ete bazali na nse koleka baninga na bango mosusu ya mibali. Koyanola na ndenge oyo ebongi na mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto oyo euti na matata epai ya mibali ezali lisusu mpasi mpo bato mingi batalelaka bato oyo bazali kosangisa nzoto mibali na mibali, mingimingi na bitúká ya Moyen-Orient mpe ya Afrika. Na ntina ya bandimbola ya makasi ya mangomba, kosangisa nzoto mibali na mibali etalelami lokola moko ya masumu minene, mpe, na bisika mingi na kati ya bitúká oyo yango ekómi tii na kosangisa nzoto mibali na mibali oyo etalelami mpe lokola mbeba. Ntango likambo ya mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto oyo esalemi epai ya mibali ekokani na makanisi oyo mimeseno ya bato basalaka mpo na kosangisa nzoto mibali na mibali, mibali oyo bazwi mpasi babangaka kobima mpo na kozwa lisalisi ya monganga ya nokinoki mpe koyebisa bango makambo oyo basalaki bango. Likambo ya kokamwa, balobelaka mingi te mibali oyo basalaki makambo wana ya mabe na oyo etali kosala misala ya kosangisa nzoto mibali na mibali to basi na basi.

Ezali na ndenge mingi ya kotala mayele oyo elukaka kopekisa mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto na bisika oyo matata ezali mingi. Kasi, na kotalaka contexte ya ba pays oyo etondi na bitumba lokola RDC, Guinée, mpe Syrie, nandimi ete lolenge ya malamu koleka ya ko approcher prévention esengeli kobanda na kondima mpe kososola ete mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto na bitumba esalelamaka lokola tactique mpe ebundeli ya bitumba mpe terrorisme oyo esalemaka. Soki totali mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto na contexte ya bitumba, esika oyo ezali polele mpe ya malamu mpo na kobanda, ezali na ba militaires ya mboka moko. Ezali na ntina mingi ko focuser na ba soldats lokola pe baye bazali na ba postes ya likolo oyo ba diriger, ba planifier pe ba faciliter mobulu. Lolenge ya Nations Unies mpo na kopekisa mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto na bisika oyo etali bitumba esalemi na moboko na “kobakisa botomboli makanisi, kobongisa boyokani mpe kopesa biyano, mpe kosunga milende ya mboka mpo na kopekisa mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto oyo euti na bitumba mpe koyanola malamu na bamposa ya bato oyo babiki.’ O.N.U kopesa likambo nyonso ya semba mpo na kosalisa na kopekisa mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto na matata, kasi ezali bobele kotyela milende oyo mikili ndenge na ndenge ezali kotyela miso ekufá motema mpe emonani lokola ete ezali kotalela te soki ezali malamu to te.Bilembeteli oyo emonisi ete O.N.U. ya ba parties ya l’Etat mpe oyo ezali ya l’Etat te bazali ba mbeba oyo bazali kowumela mpe babimaki na annexe ya rapport annuel ya Secrétaire général banda mbula koleka mitano. Ntango O.N.U. esɛngi te mikili oyo ezali na kati na yango na mokumba mpo na makambo oyo basali mabe, bato oyo basali yango bazali na likoki ya kokoba kosalela mayele oyo eyokani te na mibeko mpe oyo ezali na bomoto te kozanga kobanga etumbu.Blukiluki emonisi mbala na mbala ete “likambo ya ntina mingi oyo esakolaka mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto na makambo nyonso ezali ete moto oyo azwi mpasi azali na esika oyo moto oyo asali likambo yango akoki kosala mobulu to kobebisa bato kozanga etumbu mingi.” Na kotalaka ba infrastructures judiciaires oyo ebukani na ba régions oyo etondi na bitumba, ezali rôle ya Nations Unies mpo na kosala que baye basali mabe, mingi mingi ba militaires mpe ba gouvernements, bazwa etumbu te.

Mpo mbongwana ya solo, ya monene esalema, kosalela mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto na baguvɛrnema mpe basoda esengeli kotalelama lokola kobuka ntomo ya bomoto, ndenge moko na kotalela bibundeli ya chimique mpe ya bioloji ntango esalelami. Nyonso mibale ezali mayele ya kopekisa mpe kosalela bokonzi likoló na etuluku ya bato, elingi koloba na kokɔtisa bobangi kati na basivili mpo na kopekisa botomboki mpe kotosa mibeko na makasi, kasi kaka oyo ya nsuka nde etalelami lokola kobuka mpenza Boyokani ya Genève. Kozanga ba mesures ya intervention ya tina mpe etumbu ya ba délinquants oyo bazali ko appliquer na O.N. Moko ya bibongiseli oyo esengeli kokumisama mingi ezali Association ya ba réfugiés ya mibali ya elikya Ouganda (MOHRAU); bobakisi ya Projet ya Droit des Réfugiés oyo ezali na Kampala. Mibali ya Elikya basalaka ba formations mpe ba ateliers mpo na ba platoons ya policier mpe ya ba militaires ya bobateli kimia oyo bapesaka formasyo na basoda mpo na koyeba ba victimes ya mibali, kotuna mituna ya malamu mpo na kosala ete makambo ezala malamu na mikanda, mpe kopesa botindiki oyo ebongi na toli mpe lisalisi ya bomoto oyo ezali malamu mingi mpo na mibali oyo babiki mpe mabota na bango. Mosala ya koyamba mbala moko ba ateliers oyo ezali na ebele ya matomba, bakisa mpe makoki ya ko contrôler ba informations oyo ezali kokabolama na esika ya kozala kaka na confiance na partie mosusu mpo na kosala yango na bosikisiki mpe koyoka makanisi ya source. Lokola moko ya basoda ya basi alobaki na ntina ya nivo ya bososoli kati na baninga na ye ya mosala yambo ya atelié ya formation, “Mingi (bandimi) bayebaki te ete ata mibali oyo bazali na etumba to ata mibali oyo bazali na basivili bakoki kosangisa na bango nzoto na makasi.” Mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto na bitumba ezalaki, na boumeli ya ntango molai, pene na mayele “ya kobombana” ya bitumba. Atako likanisi yango ebongwanaki mingimingi mpo na basi, ezali kaka solo mpo na mibali. Kino bakoyebisa makambo ya mabe mpe bakokoma yango na mikanda oyo ebongi, eyebani mpenza te soki mibali boni oyo bazwaki mpasi na mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto mpo na matata bazali.

Kosala elongo na basoda, mingimingi na bisika oyo bitumba ezali mingi, ezali likambo ya ntina mingi mpo na kopekisa mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto, nzokande, ezali mpe kobimisa mokakatano moko boye. Na bisika oyo bitumba ezali, basoda bazali na moko ya mikumba ya ntina mingi. Mbala mingi na bitúká yango, basoda bakómaka bato mosusu ya nguya mingi na ekólo, oyo bato mingi bakoki kozwa biloko oyo bato mingi bakoki kozwa te mpe bazali na etumbu mingi mpe na ndenge yango, bapesaka bango nzela ya kokóma bato oyo basalaka mabe. Na makambo wana oyo emonanaka mingi oyo basoda bazali kosala makambo ya kosangisa nzoto, esengeli kokɔtisa mayele mosusu. Nations Unies esengeli kopesa mokumba na bakambi oyo bandimi na ndenge ya implicit to explicitement lolenge ya bitumba oyo. Kopesa etumbu, kobangisa kobengana bango na ebongiseli, mpe kotinda bato ya kimya oyo bazwaka mateya mpe bango moko bakozwa mokumba soki bango moko basali misala ya mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto. Kozanga likama ya mbuma mabe, baguvɛrnema ya kanyaka mpe bakambi ya likama bakokoba kosalela mayele wana ya mobulu. Mabongisi, lokola Men Of Hope, ezali kaka na nguya te yango moko ya kopesa bikolo bifundeli.

Lolenge moko ya kosala ntango bazali kopesa basoda formasyo ezali ya kotya likebi mingi na bituluku ya basoda na mikili oyo ezali pembenipembeni na bisika oyo ezali na likama mingi mpe oyo bitumba ezali mingi. Mbala mingi bato oyo bafandaka na bitúká oyo bitumba to mobulu makasi ezali kotungisa bango bakimi na bisika oyo ezali pembenipembeni, na yango, ezali na ntina ete basoda oyo bazali na bisika yango báyeba mpe básalisa mibali oyo bazwi mpasi. Ndakisa, mingi ya misala ya Men Of Hope euti na Kampala, Ouganda oyo ezali na ndelo ya ntina mingi na République démocratique du Congo esika wapi mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto ezali mingi mpenza. Na 2018, Ouganda eyambaki 1,1 millions ya ba réfugiés oyo mingi mingi bawutaki na Soudan du Sud mpe na RDC. Kozala na bato bakimá mboka mpe kozala penepene na mikili oyo mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto ezali mingi mpenza epesaka ebongiseli yango likoki ya kosala ete mosala na bango ezala malamu mingi. Kasi, ezali naino na likambo moko ya mabe oyo etali esika oyo Bato ya Elikya bazali oyo bayebaki mpe bazali na mokano ya kobongisa. Bikólo oyo ezali penepene na bisika oyo bitumba ebebi ezali na likama ya kokwea bango moko na bitumba. Na yango, ezali na ntina mingi ete ba ateliers esalema na kati ya bitúká wana oyo elobeli bonene mpe makasi ya kosala mbeba ya mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto, koteya basoda ndenge ya kosalela mpe kobatela bato oyo bazwi mpasi, mpe koteya basoda ndenge ya koyeba soki baninga na bango ya mosala bakomi basali mabe.

Misisa ya mosala ya Nations Unies mpo na kopekisa mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto esengeli kozala oyo ya kelasi mpe ya kopesa biyano. Kozanga boyebi na ntina ya mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto na mibali mpe bana mibali na mokili mobimba ekoki lisusu te kondimama mpenzampenza na mikili oyo mibali bazali na likama monene mpe lisusu epai kuna mibeko ezali mingi te mpo na kobatela mibali oyo bazwi mpasi. Esengeli koyekola, kotalela, mpe kotalela mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto lokola mayele ya bitumba oyo endimami te na basoda na ba niveau nionso, na ba gouvernements, mpe na ba organisations ya niveau ya likolo. Lisusu, mikili oyo endimi mayele yango esengeli kopesa mokumba na O.N.U. na nzela ya etumbu mpe makambo mosusu ya makasi oyo ekoki kobima. Mosala ya kosunga mibali oyo babiki mpe kopekisa mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto na matata (CRSV) ekoki lisusu te kopema kaka na mokɔngɔ ya mangomba oyo ezali na misolo mingi te, esengeli ekoma mokumba ya lisanga mobimba ya mokili mobimba.

Lokola mwana mwasi ya mbula 18, mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto epai ya basi na mokili mobimba ezalaki ntango nyonso koyoka lokola likambo ya moto ye moko. Kasi, lokola basi oyo bakutanaki na bankóto ya mikakatano oyo euti na kosangisa nzoto, ezali mokumba na biso ya kosala ete minyoko oyo euti na bokeseni ya mibali na basi ekómela mpe te epai ya mibali oyo bazwi mpasi mpe babiki na mokili mobimba. Ata soki mobali to mwasi, mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto oyo euti na matata ezali moko ya makambo oyo ezali konyokola mpe ya mpasi mingi oyo moto nyonso akoki koyika mpiko. Ezali lisusu kondimama te ete ezala mokumba ya mobali moko, kozala momonisi ya mibali banso oyo bazwi mpasi na likita linene oyo etali mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto oyo euti na matata. Soki mokano etikali ya kosilisa CRSV na basi na kotalela te to na malamu koleka na kotalela mingi te mibali oyo bazwi mpasi, mobulu ya kosangisa nzoto ekolanda kotungisa mokili na biso.

Ukatili wa Kijinsia katika Migogoro inayofanywa dhidi ya Wanaume, na Isolde Hatgis-Kessell

(Mwalimu wa shule ya upili majira ya joto)

Kwenye 42nd Street na 1st Avenue inakaa jengo refu, la chuma, lililolindwa sana. Maamuzi, viongozi, na kazi ya kila siku inayofanyika ndani hufichua umuhimu na nguvu ya shirika ambalo ni nyumbani kwake. Umoja wa Mataifa, tangu kuanzishwa kwake, umewakilisha kupigania haki za binadamu, amani na haki. Katika jengo lote kuna picha, michoro, na sanamu zinazowakilisha kila kabila na kabila, maadili na malengo ya ulimwengu. Ukumbi mkubwa, dari za juu, na usalama mkali hufichua kimo na uwezo wa shirika kuunda mazingira ya kutisha na ya kuogofya. Kujua tu uwezo ambao Umoja wa Mataifa inao wa kuleta mabadiliko kunatoa uzoefu wowote ndani ya jengo hisia ya umuhimu. Nimetembelea tu jengo la Umoja wa Mataifa kama mwangalizi wa mkutano, lakini ninaweza kufikiria tu na kutumaini siku moja kulitembelea tena kama hatua ya mabadiliko. Kuzungumza kwenye Umoja wa Mataifa mbele ya wajumbe kutoka kote ulimwenguni ni kusema kana kwamba chochote unachosema kinaweza kuathiri sera inayofuata ya ulimwengu, ni kuleta ufahamu zaidi kwa watu ulimwenguni kote, na muhimu zaidi ni kutetea kiwango cha juu kwa matumaini kwamba mabadiliko yatatokea.

Kabla ya kuhudhuria mkutano wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa kuadhimisha miaka 10 ya mamlaka ya unyanyasaji wa kijinsia katika migogoro, sikuwa na ufahamu wa kutosha kwamba wanaume na wavulana pia walikuwa waathirika na waathirika wa unyanyasaji wa kijinsia katika migogoro. Mtazamo potofu wa wanaume kama wahalifu na wanawake kama wahasiriwa katika muktadha wa unyanyasaji wa kijinsia ulikuwa umejikita katika akili yangu. Hadithi ya mtu mmoja, hata hivyo, ilibadilisha kabisa mawazo yangu ya awali ya unyanyasaji wa kijinsia katika migogoro. Kati ya jopo lililozingatia zaidi wanawake, kulikuwa na mwanamume mmoja aliyenusurika ambaye alishiriki hadithi yake - jina lake lilikuwa Bw. Aimé Moninga. Alipokuwa akimsikiliza Bw. Moninga akizungumza na umati wa mamia ya watu, nguvu na hamu yake ya kweli ya kuwa sehemu ya mabadiliko ambayo yatasaidia mamilioni ya watu duniani kote ilionekana wazi. Kupitia kuzungumza naye kibinafsi mwishoni mwa mkutano huo, niligundua kwamba mtu huyu, ambaye alikuwa amepitia hali mbaya zaidi ya ubinadamu, alikuwa amejenga upya maisha yake na kuchukua uzoefu wake na kusaidia manusura wengine wa kiume na familia zao. Wakati Bw. Moninga aliweza kupata usaidizi na kisha kuhama kutoka kuwa mhasiriwa hadi mwathirika hadi wakili anayetambuliwa na jamii, safari yake ya kibinafsi bado haijashirikiwa na mamia ya wahasiriwa wa kiume wa unyanyasaji wa kijinsia unaohusiana na migogoro. Leo, idadi kubwa ya manusura wa kiume bado wanatatizika kufikia usaidizi wa dharura wa matibabu na huduma za usaidizi wa kisaikolojia, na hawana matumaini ya kupata haki ndani ya mazingira ambayo hayana uwezo au utashi au rasilimali za kutekeleza maazimio ya Umoja wa Mataifa.

Kuna sababu nyingi kwa nini waathiriwa wa ukatili wa kijinsia, bila kujali jinsia, wasijitokeze; woga, aibu, kukataliwa, n.k. Inakubaliwa sana kwamba wanawake wanalengwa kwa unyanyasaji wa kijinsia kama njia ya kutumia nguvu na kuanzisha mienendo isiyo sawa na unyenyekevu ndani ya jamii. Mwathiriwa mmoja wa kiume wa unyanyasaji wa kingono unaohusiana na migogoro alisema lengo la wahalifu wake wa kiume na wa kike waliokuwa na silaha lilikuwa kuwanyonya wahasiriwa wao wa kiume “kwa kadiri unavyohisi hutaki tena kuwa kichwa cha familia.” Wakati wanaume wanakuwa walengwa wa ngono. unyanyasaji, ni shambulio la moja kwa moja kwa utambulisho wao; wahasiriwa wa kiume hawajisikii tena kama wanaume machoni mwao au ya familia zao na jamii.

Dhana za kijadi za uanaume ambazo zimeenea katika maeneo mengi duniani zinachochewa na imani za kidini na kitamaduni kwamba wanaume ni bora kuliko wanawake. Kwa hivyo, wanaume wanapokuwa wahasiriwa wa unyanyasaji wa kijinsia wanajiona duni kuliko wenzao wengine wa kiume. Kujibu ipasavyo unyanyasaji wa kingono unaohusiana na migogoro dhidi ya wanaume kunachanganyikiwa zaidi na mtazamo ulioenea wa mashoga, hasa katika maeneo ya Mashariki ya Kati na Afrika. Kwa sababu ya tafsiri kali za kidini, ushoga unachukuliwa kuwa moja ya dhambi kubwa zaidi, na, katika maeneo mengi ndani ya maeneo haya hii inaenea hadi kulawiti pia kuchukuliwa kuwa uhalifu. Wakati kitendo cha unyanyasaji wa kijinsia unaofanywa dhidi ya wanaume kinalinganishwa na dhana za kitamaduni za ushoga, waathiriwa wa kiume wanaogopa kujitokeza kwa usaidizi wa dharura wa matibabu na kuripoti kile walichotendewa. Jambo la kufurahisha ni kwamba wahalifu wa kiume wa uhalifu huu ni nadra sana kujadiliwa katika suala la kuendeleza vitendo vya ushoga.

Kuna njia nyingi za kuangalia mbinu zinazolenga kuzuia unyanyasaji wa kijinsia katika maeneo yanayokumbwa na migogoro. Hata hivyo, kutokana na muktadha wa nchi zinazokumbwa na vita kama vile DRC, Guinea, na Syria, ninaamini njia mwafaka zaidi ya kukabiliana na uzuiaji lazima ianze kwa kukiri na kuelewa kwamba unyanyasaji wa kingono katika migogoro hutumika kama mbinu na silaha ya vita. ugaidi. Ikiwa tunatazama unyanyasaji wa kijinsia katika muktadha wa vita, mahali pa wazi na pazuri pa kuanzia, ni pamoja na jeshi la nchi. Ni muhimu kuzingatia askari pamoja na wale walio katika nafasi za juu wanaoongoza, kupanga na kuwezesha vurugu. Mbinu ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya kuzuia unyanyasaji wa kingono katika maeneo yanayohusiana na migogoro imejikita katika "kukuza utetezi, kuboresha uratibu na uwajibikaji, na kusaidia juhudi za nchi za kuzuia unyanyasaji wa kingono unaohusiana na migogoro na kujibu ipasavyo mahitaji ya waathirika." Umoja wa Mataifa bado kutoa hatua zozote za moja kwa moja kusaidia kuzuia unyanyasaji wa kijinsia katika migogoro, badala yake inaamini kwa upofu juhudi zinazofanywa na nchi mbalimbali na inaonekana kutojali kama zina ufanisi au la.Ushahidi wa kutochukua hatua kwa Umoja wa Mataifa upo katika idadi: “Zaidi ya 70% Vyama vilivyoorodheshwa vya majimbo na visivyo vya dola ni wahalifu wa kudumu na wamejitokeza katika kiambatanisho cha ripoti ya mwaka ya Katibu Mkuu kwa zaidi ya miaka mitano. Ni chama kimoja tu ambacho kimeondolewa kwenye orodha. Umoja wa Mataifa usipoziwajibisha nchi wanachama wake kwa uhalifu wao, wahalifu wanaweza kuendelea kutumia mbinu haramu na isiyo ya kibinadamu bila woga wa kuadhibiwa.Utafiti umehitimisha mara kwa mara kwamba "kitabiri muhimu zaidi cha unyanyasaji wa kijinsia katika visa vyote ni kwamba mwathiriwa yuko katika mazingira ambamo mhusika anaweza kufanya jeuri au unyanyasaji bila kuadhibiwa kwa kiwango kikubwa.” Kwa kuzingatia kuvunjika kwa miundombinu ya mahakama katika maeneo yenye migogoro, ni jukumu la Umoja wa Mataifa kuhakikisha wahalifu, hasa wanajeshi na serikali, hawaachiwi adhabu.

Ili mabadiliko ya kweli na makubwa yatokee, matumizi ya unyanyasaji wa kijinsia na serikali na wanajeshi yanahitajika kuchukuliwa kuwa ni ukiukaji wa haki za binadamu, sawa na vile silaha za kemikali na kibayolojia huzingatiwa zinapotumiwa. Zote mbili ni mbinu za kudhibiti na kutumia mamlaka juu ya kundi la watu, yaani kwa kuingiza hofu kwa raia ili kuzuia maasi na kufuata kwa nguvu, lakini ni wa pili tu wanaochukuliwa kama ukiukaji mkubwa wa Mkataba wa Geneva. Ukosefu wa hatua za maana za kuingilia kati na adhabu za wakosaji zinazotekelezwa na Umoja wa Mataifa kwa unyanyasaji wa kingono unaohusiana na migogoro, kumelazimisha mashirika madogo na yasiyo na ufadhili wa kutosha kujitokeza na kufanya mabadiliko. Moja ya mashirika yanayosifiwa sana ni Chama cha Wakimbizi cha Wanaume wa Matumaini Uganda (MOHRAU); upanuzi wa Mradi wa Sheria ya Wakimbizi ulioko Kampala. Wanaume wa Matumaini hufanya vikao vya mafunzo na warsha kwa vikosi vya polisi na vya kijeshi vya kulinda amani ambapo wao hufundisha askari kutambua wahasiriwa wa kiume, kuuliza maswali sahihi ili kuhakikisha kesi zinaandikwa kwa usahihi, na kutoa rufaa ifaayo kwa ushauri nasaha na usaidizi wa kibinadamu kwa ufanisi zaidi. wanaume walionusurika na familia zao. Kitendo cha kuwa mwenyeji wa warsha hizi moja kwa moja kina faida nyingi, ikiwa ni pamoja na uwezo wa kudhibiti taarifa zinazosambazwa badala ya kutegemea tu upande mwingine kufanya hivyo kwa usahihi na kusikia maoni kutoka kwa chanzo. Kama mmoja wa askari wa kike alivyotoa maoni yake juu ya kiwango cha uelewa miongoni mwa wafanyakazi wenzake kabla ya warsha ya mafunzo, "Wengi (wanachama) hawakujua kwamba hata wanaume katika mapigano au hata wanaume katika kiraia wanaweza kubakwa." Unyanyasaji wa kijinsia katika migogoro ulikuwa, kwa muda mrefu, karibu mbinu ya "siri" ya vita. Ingawa wazo hili limebadilika sana kuhusu wanawake, linabakia kuwa kweli kuhusu wanaume. Hadi uhalifu huo utakaporipotiwa na kurekodiwa ipasavyo, bado haijulikani ni wahasiriwa wangapi wa kiume wa unyanyasaji wa kingono unaohusiana na migogoro waliopo.

Kufanya kazi na wanajeshi, haswa katika maeneo yenye migogoro, ni sehemu muhimu katika kuzuia unyanyasaji wa kijinsia, hata hivyo, pia huleta ugumu fulani. Katika maeneo yenye vita, jeshi linashikilia moja ya majukumu muhimu zaidi. Mara nyingi katika mikoa hii, askari wanakuwa baadhi ya watu wenye mamlaka makubwa nchini, na kupata rasilimali ambazo hazipatikani kwa raia na kwa kiwango cha juu cha kutokujali hivyo kuwaruhusu kuwa wahalifu. Katika hali hizi za kawaida sana ambapo askari wanafanya uhalifu wa kijinsia, njia nyingine lazima ianzishwe. Umoja wa Mataifa lazima uwawajibishe viongozi wanaounga mkono aina hii ya vita. Kuweka vikwazo, kutishia kufukuzwa kutoka kwa shirika, na kutuma askari wa kulinda amani ambao wanapokea mafunzo na wao wenyewe watawajibishwa iwapo wao wenyewe watafanya vitendo vya unyanyasaji wa kijinsia. Bila tishio la madhara makubwa, serikali fisadi na viongozi hatari wataendelea kutumia mbinu hiyo ya kishenzi. Mashirika, kama vile Men Of Hope, hayana uwezo wao wenyewe kuyawajibisha mataifa.

Mbinu moja wakati wa kutoa mafunzo kwa wanajeshi ni kuzingatia vikundi vya kijeshi katika nchi ambazo ni jirani na maeneo yenye mazingira magumu na yenye migogoro. Mara nyingi watu wanaoishi katika mikoa yenye vita au vurugu kubwa hukimbilia maeneo ya jirani, hivyo, ni muhimu kwa askari katika maeneo hayo kuwa na uwezo wa kutambua na kusaidia waathirika wa kiume. Kwa mfano, kazi nyingi za Men Of Hope zinatokana na Kampala, Uganda ambayo ina mpaka muhimu sana na Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ambapo unyanyasaji wa kijinsia ni wa kawaida sana. Kufikia 2018, Uganda ilipokea wakimbizi milioni 1.1 wengi wao wakitoka Sudan Kusini na DRC. Upatikanaji wa wakimbizi na ukaribu wa karibu na nchi zilizo na viwango vya juu sana vya unyanyasaji wa kijinsia huwezesha shirika kuongeza ufanisi wa kazi zao. Hata hivyo, kunasalia upande wa chini wa eneo la Wanaume wa Matumaini ambao wametambua na wanalenga kurekebisha. Nchi ambazo ziko karibu na maeneo yenye vita ziko katika hatari ya kutumbukia kwenye migogoro zenyewe. Hivyo, ni lazima warsha zifanyike ndani ya mikoa hii ili kujadili uzito na ukali wa kutenda uhalifu wa ukatili wa kijinsia, kuwafundisha askari jinsi ya kuwatendea na kuwalinda waathirika, na kuwafundisha askari jinsi ya kutambua iwapo wenzao wanakuwa wahalifu.

Mizizi ya kazi ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya kuzuia unyanyasaji wa kijinsia inapaswa kuwa ya elimu na uwajibikaji. Ukosefu wa maarifa juu ya unyanyasaji wa kijinsia dhidi ya wanaume na wavulana kote ulimwenguni hauwezi tena kuvumiliwa haswa katika nchi ambazo wanaume wako katika hatari kubwa na pia ambapo kuna sheria chache za kuwalinda wahasiriwa wa kiume. Unyanyasaji wa kijinsia lazima uchunguzwe, uzingatiwe, na kuchukuliwa kama mbinu isiyokubalika ya vita na wanajeshi katika ngazi zote, serikali na mashirika ya ngazi ya juu. Zaidi ya hayo, nchi zinazounga mkono mbinu hiyo lazima ziwajibike na Umoja wa Mataifa kupitia vikwazo na madhara mengine makubwa. Jukumu la kuwasaidia wanaume walionusurika na kuzuia Unyanyasaji wa Kijinsia Unaohusiana na Migogoro (CRSV) haliwezi tena kukaa tu kwa migongo ya mashirika yasiyofadhiliwa, ni lazima liwe jukumu la jumuiya nzima ya kimataifa.

Kama msichana wa umri wa miaka 18, unyanyasaji wa kijinsia dhidi ya wanawake ulimwenguni kote umewahi kuhisi kama suala la kibinafsi. Hata hivyo, kama wanawake ambao wamekabiliwa na maelfu ya matatizo yanayotokana na jinsia, ni wajibu wetu kuhakikisha kwamba ukandamizaji wa kijinsia hautokei pia kwa waathirika wa kiume na waathirika duniani kote. Bila kujali jinsia, unyanyasaji wa kijinsia unaohusiana na migogoro ni mojawapo ya matukio ya mateso na maumivu zaidi ambayo mwanadamu yeyote anaweza kustahimili. Haikubaliki tena kuwa wajibu wa mwanamume mmoja, kuwakilisha wahasiriwa wote wa kiume kwenye mkutano kuhusu unyanyasaji wa kingono unaohusiana na migogoro. Ikiwa lengo litasalia kuondoa CRSV dhidi ya wanawake bila kuwafikiria waathiriwa wa kiume bila au hata kidogo, unyanyasaji wa kingono utaendelea kusumbua ulimwengu wetu.